Some historical studies were considered to be so profoundly unethical that they became the catalyst for ethical review guidelines and processes designed to protect human participants during research. 1Īlthough we now accept these principles as the norm, it was not always the case. In this case, researchers should ensure that research is conducted fairly and in a way that does not exploit or disadvantage any participants.
The second core principle is benefice, where researchers should strive to maximise the benefits of research for the wider society while minimising risks to research participants. Safeguards to participants are paramount and include strategies to mitigate potential harm related to emotional well-being, impact on employment, financial or social status and more. Of the three core principles, the most important is ‘respect of persons’ where the participants' welfare takes precedence over interests of the researchers, society or science. The Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 is a statement about ethical principles, initially applied to medical research, but which now guides all types of research. Nurses need to understand and apply ethical principles to their own research, as well as to the reading and review of research. Nursing research is held to the same ethical standards as all other research involving human participants.
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